A water softener is a device that removes minerals like calcium and magnesium from hard water through a process called ion exchange. Hard water can cause a buildup of scale inside pipes and appliances, reducing their efficiency and lifespan. It can also make soap less effective and leave spots on dishes. A water softener can help alleviate these issues.

Signs of hard water include white, chalky residue or spots on dishes and faucets, dry skin and hair after showering, faded laundry, and reduced soap lather. You can also get a more precise measure by using a water test kit to check the hardness level of your water.

Most water softeners use a resin bed that exchanges hard minerals with sodium or potassium ions. Over time, the resin becomes saturated and needs to be regenerated using a brine solution. Maintenance typically involves refilling the salt or potassium in the brine tank and occasionally cleaning the tank and resin bed. Regular checks for any salt bridges or blockages are also recommended.

The main downside is the ongoing cost of salt or potassium pellets. Additionally, water softeners can add sodium to your water, which may be a concern for those on a low-sodium diet, though the actual amount is typically minimal. Some people also prefer the taste of hard water, and soft water can sometimes feel slippery. There are also environmental considerations, as the regeneration process uses water and discharges salt-laden water into the sewage system.